Wednesday, November 2, 2011

Average student-loan debt tops $25,000 for first time

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You don't have to be a math major to understand this statistic: The average student-loan debt of last year's college graduates tops $25,000 -- the first time it's ever exceeded that ignominious mark.

Seniors who graduated in 2010 had an average student-loan burden of $25,250, up 5.2% from the $24,000 owed by the class of 2009, according to a report by the Project on Student Debt at the Institute for College Access & Success in Oakland.

Some experts had expected a bigger increase in debt given the gloomy economy, but increased financial aid at some schools partially offset the hit for low-income students and those at pricier colleges.

Still, the increased debt load is another negative for college graduates who already were facing a punishing job market. The unemployment rate for college graduates ages 20 to 24 rose to 9.1% last year, up from 8.7% in 2009 and the highest annual rate on record, according to the nonprofit research organization.

The report is based on data reported voluntarily by more than 1,000 public and private nonprofit four-year colleges. It did not include so-called for-profit colleges.

In California, the average debt load last year was $18,113, with 48% of graduating seniors owing money, according to the study.

Students and their families (who, after all, will be footing many of the college bills) can get data on average student-loan rates for many schools on the group's website in the link above.

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Contributions to college-savings 529 plans are rising sharply after falling during recession

-- Walter Hamilton

Photo credit: University of Chicago

 

Climate Change and the Developing World

The United Nations Development Program delivered some dire news Wednesday in its annual Human Development Report. By midcentury, it said, the development progress of the poorest countries will be halted or even reversed if bold steps are not taken to forestall the effects of climate change.

“The poorest countries’ really remarkable and often overlooked progress in recent decades now faces this calamity down the road,” said William Orme, a spokesman for the agency. “If their progress is stopped because we developed countries didn’t do things that we could have, it adds a huge moral imperative to take action sooner rather than later on climate change.”

The study tracks 187 countries and territories in the U.N.’s human development index, which is based on composite measurements of health, education and income, and has tracked global living standards since 1990.

From 1970 to 2010, countries in the lowest 25 percent of the rankings improved their scores by a striking 82 percent, twice the global average. If this pace of improvement continues over the next 40 years, the report says, most of these countries would achieve standards equal to or better than those now enjoyed by the top 25 percent.

But models of future scenarios cast doubt that this progress will come to pass.

Factoring in the effects of global warming on weather, food production and pollution, the index’s average score drops 8 percent worldwide from what would otherwise be predicted (and it drops by 12 percent in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia). In the more adverse “disaster” scenario — which entails vast deforestation, dramatic biodiversity declines and increasing extreme weather — the global index falls by 15 percent, with the deepest losses felt in poor regions.

Providing electricity to the 1.5 billion people — 45 percent of them in Africa — who currently live without it would be a step in the right direction, Mr. Orme says. Electricity means children can study at night, electric stoves can be used instead of pollution-emitting coal, and people can have access to a wider community through television or radio. “We can do this without increasing global CO2 by even 1 percent,” he says.

The agency proposes an international tax on foreign exchange trading to raise $40 billion toward that goal. And it says reducing carbon-dioxide emissions in developed nations — Denmark, for example, has pledged to cut emissions by 40 percent within the decade — can be achieved without lowering living conditions.

As for the United States, it ranked fourth over all in the development index. But when the rankings were adjusted for “internal inequalities,” the United States fell to 23rd, from 13th last year, mainly because of inequalities in income and health care, the report says.

College Majors Matter

CATHERINE RAMPELL
CATHERINE RAMPELL

Dollars to doughnuts.

We write a lot on Economix about whether college is worth it. In a piece in Investor’s Business Daily, Alex Tabarrok, an economics professor at George Mason University, suggests that Americans are focusing on the wrong question. They shouldn’t be debating whether college in general is “worth it”; they should instead be thinking about whether the specific college degree they’re considering is marketable.

Dollars to doughnuts.

A smaller share of students are choosing majors that are in demand, he writes:

Over the past 25 years the total number of students in college has increased by about 50 percent. But the number of students graduating with degrees in science, technology, engineering and math (the so-called STEM fields) has been flat…

If students aren’t studying science, technology, engineering and math, what are they studying? In 2009 the United States graduated 89,140 students in the visual and performing arts, more than in computer science, math and chemical engineering combined and more than double the number of visual and performing arts graduates in 1985.

Dr. Tabarrok notes STEM majors are more likely to find work and also to find high-paying work. Then he emphasizes that the choice of concentration not only matters for a worker’s earnings but for the entire economy. His conclusion:

Economic growth is not a magic totem to which all else must bow, but it is one of the main reasons we subsidize higher education.

The potential wage gains for college graduates go to the graduates — that’s reason enough for students to pursue a college education. We add subsidies to the mix, however, because we believe education has positive spillover benefits that flow to society. One of the biggest of these benefits is the increase in innovation that highly educated workers bring to the economy.

As a result, an argument can be made for subsidizing students in fields with potentially large spillovers, such as microbiology, chemical engineering, nuclear physics and computer science. There is little justification for subsidizing majors in the visual arts, psychology and journalism.

What do you think of this argument, readers? How would you measure the gains — economic or otherwise — that come from different college majors?

Amid price increases, snack giant Kraft profit up 22%

Peanutbutter
Packaged foods leader Kraft Foods Inc. pulled in $13.2 billion in revenue in the third quarter, an 11.5% increase from the same period last year.

The company, parent to brands such as Oreo, Maxwell House and Oscar Mayer, said its net income was $927 million, up 22%. Per-share earnings rose to 52 cents in the quarter that ended Sept. 30,  up from 43 cents a year earlier.

Revenue was up 4.4% to $6.1 billion in North America, even as the company hiked up some of its prices to adjust for rising commodity prices. 

Starting next week, the company will raise prices for its Planters peanut butter by 40%. Kraft only recently began bringing down the wholesale prices on its coffee after instituting a string of increases last year. 

In August, Kraft announced plans to split into two separate public companies, one focusing on the global snack business and the other managing North American grocery dealings. The process will take about a year, the Northfield, Ill.-based company said.

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Peanut butter prices about to soar amid poor harvest

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-- Tiffany Hsu

Photo: Photo: Lawrence K. Ho / Los Angeles Times

Hospital group sues over cuts to Medi-Cal program

  PICTURE DOCTOR 11-2-11
The trade group for California’s hospitals has sued state and federal officials to block a 10% cut in government reimbursements for healthcare providers who treat low-income patients.

The California Hospital Assn. said in its suit, filed in federal district court in Los Angeles, that cuts to the Medi-Cal insurance program will threaten the ability of many hospitals to continue operating skilled nursing facilities.

Patients, particularly those in rural communities and other medically underserved areas, will likely face delays or gaps in healthcare services, the lawsuit contends.

Other medical providers also have warned that cuts to the program, which is funded by state and federal governments, would deprive low-income patients of access to care. Among those targeted for the cuts are physicians, pharmacists and optometrists.

“The filing of this lawsuit is a regrettable but necessary step to protect access to care for California’s most vulnerable patients,” hospital association President C. Duane Dauner said in a statement. “California’s hospitals cannot stand by and allow these cuts to take effect.”

The 10% cuts, part of the 2011-2012 budget deal signed by Gov. Jerry Brown, are retroactive to June 1. They required federal approval, which the Obama administration gave last week.

Officials in Sacramento and Washington said they could not comment on the lawsuit but added that they would closely monitor the effect of the reduced payments to ensure that patient care is not jeopardized.

Norman Williams, a spokesman for the California Department of Health Care Services, said reductions can be “applied while still maintaining sufficient access for Medi-Cal beneficiaries.”

Williams’ boss, department director Toby Douglas, is named in the lawsuit, as is federal Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius.

ALSO:

Consumer Confidential: Medicare rates, peanut butter prices

Consumer Confidential: Wal-Mart cuts benefits, Starbucks goes 'Blonde'

Blue Shield of California to return money to customers

-- Duke Helfand

Photo credit: Andre Panneton / iStockphoto.com

 

Wal-Mart to offer early Black Friday deals for one day

Wal-MartFor Wal-Mart shoppers, this Saturday may look a little like Black Friday.

The world’s largest retailer will give fans a sneak preview this week at deals normally offered on Black Friday, the day after Thanksgiving.  Wal-Mart, hoping to lure wary shoppers, will hold sales at its U.S. stores on Saturday.

The Nov. 5 sale will start at 11 a.m. and go until midnight.  The event, known as Super Saturday,  will offer deep discounts on televisions, gaming systems and other items.

 Some of the featured items include: Xbox 360 250 GB Console with Kinect for $399 plus a $50 Wal-Mart gift card; tablet book reader Nook Color, sales price $199, originally $249; and a flat-screen LG 47-inch Class LED TV for $698.

On Wednesday, customers can sign up at Walmart.com or the store’s Facebook page to receive an email with the full details of the Black Friday early preview.

This is the first time the retailer has released Black Friday deals this early.

Wal-Mart and other retailers are expecting a particularly tough holiday shopping season, as shoppers remain cautious after months of bad economic news. 

Wal-Mart is releasing the Black Friday specials earlier than usual this year so that shoppers who are watching every penny this season can plan ahead, Duncan Mac Naughton, the company's chief merchandising officer, said in a statement.

Some analysts said this early-bird special might attract some customers who would have stayed home otherwise. But don’t expect the large crowds and mayhem typical of Black Friday.

Britt Beemer, founder of America’s Research Group, said consumers have grown to expect certain things during Black Friday shopping, such as limited quantities and early morning shopping.

“When you don’t have those issues and ingredients, it’s just a pre-Christmas sale,” he said.

Other retailers have already announced their own Black Friday plans as they seek more shoppers. Macy’s and Target announced they will open at midnight on the night before Thanksgiving.

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-- Angel Jennings

Photo: A shopper outside a Wal-Mart store in Rosemead. Credit: Don Bartletti / Los Angeles Times

 

More green goes to green projects

Venture capitalists are pouring money into clean technology even as investors scale back funding in many other areas.

Firms in the green sector raised almost $1.2 billion in the third quarter – up 73% from $684 million collected in the same period last year, according to a report released Wednesday by Ernst & Young.
The number of deals in the quarter grew to 76 from 56, according to the report, based on data from Dow Jones VentureSource.

“Confidence in cleantech investing continues despite the challenging investment market,” said Jay Spencer, a director at Ernst & Young.

It was the first time the sector had an increase in funding since the third quarter of 2008.
California pulled in an overwhelming majority of the deals and dollars.

The state lead the pack with 32 deals -- second was Massachusetts with nine. And California’s clean-tech companies received more than half of all the money raised, collecting $583 million in the quarter, up 74% from the same period last year.

Most of that money is going to Northern California, but Southern California is home to some new projects, said Mark Sogomian, a partner at Ernst & Young. He pointed, in particular, to the launch of the clean-tech business incubator in Los Angeles last month.

“It’s really setting the groundwork for early stage companies to grow and thrive here in Los Angeles,” Sogomian said, “and hopefully garner venture capital investment down the road.”

-- Angel Jennings

Fed cuts growth forecast, boosts jobless rate estimates

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A new forecast from the Federal Reserve paints a gloomier outlook for the economy in 2012 and 2013.

The Fed on Wednesday cut its forecasts for economic growth and boosted its estimates of unemployment.

In revisions to its June forecasts, the Fed now forecasts that growth in real gross domestic product will be in a range of 2.5% to 2.9% in 2012, down from the previous estimate of 3.3% to 3.7%.

Growth in 2013 is likely to be in a range of 3.0% to 3.5%, the Fed said, down from the previous estimate of 3.5% to 4.2%.

GDP grew at a 2.5% annualized rate in the third quarter, a pickup from the 1.3% rate of the second quarter but a moderate pace at best.

The unemployment rate, now 9.1%, won’t come down significantly next year, according to the Fed’s new estimates. The central bank expects the jobless rate to be in a range of 8.5% to 8.7% in 2012, up from the previous forecast of 7.8% to 8.2%.

In 2013 unemployment is likely to be in a range of 7.8% to 8.2%, up from the prior estimate of 7.0% to 7.5%, the Fed said.

“We did overestimate the pace of recovery,” Bernanke said at a news conference following the Fed’s two-day meeting.

The Fed’s estimates are its “central tendency” expectations.

In its post-meeting statement Wednesday, the Fed didn't announce any new initiatives to help the economy, but Bernanke made clear at the news conference that the Fed stands ready to do more if necessary.

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-- Tom Petruno

Photo: A police officer on guard outside the Federal Reserve building in Washington. Credit: Brendan Hoffman / Getty Images

Consumer Confidential: Cellphone taxes, 401(k) matches, beer sales

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Here's your watching-the-detectives Wednesday roundup of consumer news from around the Web:

--At least your cellphone bill may hold steady. The House has approved a five-year freeze on any new state and local taxes imposed on cellphones and other wireless services, including wireless broadband access. The voice vote reflected a consensus that new taxes on wireless mobile services have far outpaced average sales taxes on other items and have become a deterrent to the spread of wireless broadband technology. Wireless customers reportedly now pay 16.3% in taxes and fees, more than double the average rate of 7.4% on other goods and services. The bill prohibits state and local governments from imposing so-called discriminatory taxes on mobile services, providers or cellphones for five years.

--Some more good news: Most of the companies that either suspended or reduced their 401(k) matches during the economic downturn have reinstated them, according to business consultant Towers Watson. An analysis of 260 mid- to large-sized companies shows that 75% of those that took the step to cut costs have restored their match. Among those, about 74% are continuing the match at the previous level. About 23% brought matches back at a lower rate. Among these companies, the reinstated match was slightly more than half of their original contribution. Just 3% restored matches at a higher rate. I wonder what companies those are.

--But here's a sign that times are still tough: We're not chugging as much brewski. MillerCoors, the country's second-largest brewer, says its third-quarter net income fell 14.1% due to a weak economy, low consumer spending and higher commodity costs. The combined U.S. operations of SABMiller and Molson Coors Brewing, which make Miller and Coors brand beers, said underlying net income in the July-September quarter slipped to $286.9 million, while net sales were down 2.5% at $1.965 billion. The brewer has a U.S. beer market share of nearly 30%, behind Budweiser brewer Anheuser-Busch InBev's share of almost 50%. So do your bit for the economy and hoist a few.

-- David Lazarus

Photo: Lawmakers want to hold cellphone taxes steady for five years. Credit: Jason Alden / Bloomberg

ADP: Private employers added 110,000 jobs in October

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Private sector employers added 110,000 jobs to payrolls last month, led by hiring among small- and medium-sized businesses, according to a report by Automatic Data Processing Inc., or ADP. The firm provides a monthly jobs report in advance of the government's official tally, to be released Friday.

ADP also said that private sector employers added 116,000 jobs in September, more than the 91,000 the firm had previously reported.

The ADP report does not include government employment, which has been falling consistently, and shed 34,000 jobs in September. State and local governments have jettisoned 641,000 jobs over the last three years, according to the Economic Policy Institute. A shrinking government sector is helping keep the unemployment rate elevated even as the country adds jobs.

"The recent trend in private employment is probably below a pace consistent with a stable unemployment rate and reflects the sluggish pace of GDP growth exhibited earlier this year," said Joel Prakken, chairman of Macroeconomic Advisers LLC, which puts out the jobs report with ADP.

Medium-sized businesses added 53,000 jobs in October, while small businesses -- those with 50 to 499 employees -- added 53,000, ADP said. Large companies lost 1,000 jobs.

Gains were concentrated in service-providing sectors, which added 114,000 positions. Goods-producing sectors shed 4,000 jobs. Manufacturing shed 8,000 jobs, ADP said.

Other signs indicate that manufacturing slowed in October. The ISM Manufacturing Index was 50.8 in October, showing very slight expansion, down from 51.6 in September. A number above 50 indicates growth. Although new orders improved, a good sign, companies cut back on inventories because of fears about the future, according to Nigel Gault of IHS Global Insight.

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Photo: A Whirlpool operations plant in Ohio. Whirlpool said it would cut 5,000 jobs after demand fell. Credit: Daniel Acker / Bloomberg


Fed stands pat on policy; Bernanke press conference next

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The Federal  Reserve held policy steady after a two-day meeting, citing signs of improved economic growth.

The Fed’s post-meeting statement Wednesday was as expected. Most economists figured the central bank wouldn’t announce any new initiatives to bolster growth.

More interesting commentary may come at Fed Chairman Ben S. Bernanke’s press conference, expected to begin at 11:15 a.m. PDT. It will stream live here.

The Fed’s statement said that recent data indicate that “economic growth strengthened somewhat in the third quarter, reflecting in part a reversal of the temporary factors that had weighed on growth earlier in the year,” such as the after-effects of Japan’s massive earthquake in March.

But policymakers also said there were “significant downside risks to the economic outlook, including strains in global financial markets” -- an apparent reference to Europe’s ongoing debt crisis.

The Fed took two major steps in recent months to help the economy. In August the central bank indicated that  short-term interest rates were likely to remain near zero for another two years, a view it reiterated in Wednesday’s statement.

In September the Fed decided to shift more of its massive securities portfolio toward longer-term Treasury bonds to pull down long-term interest rates in general.

One Fed official -- Chicago Fed President Charles Evans -- dissented at Wednesday’s meeting, according to the statement. Evans “supported additional policy accommodation at this time,” the statement said, without indicating what kind of action he wanted.

Wall Street slipped after the Fed meeting, giving up part of an early rally that followed two days of heavy selling. The Dow Jones industrial average was up 115 points, or 1%, to 11,773 at about 10:25 a.m. PDT.

Here is the full text of the Fed statement:

Dear Archbish – do shut up


Stick to the sermons, Archbishop

Stick to the sermons, Archbishop


Religion and commerce never mix well, but for Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, to throw himself onto the bandwagon already occupied by the Vatican, Jose Manuel Barroso, Uncle Tom Cobley and all, and back calls for a "Robin Hood" tax on financial transactions demonstrates very little understanding of the real world.


This is one of those superficially attractive ideas that in practice would have catastrophic consequences for the UK economy for no obvious benefit other than to the freeloaders of the European Commission.


The Archbishop claims to share the "the widespread and deep exasperation with the financial establishment" and thinks that a Tobin tax might even things out a bit if it were used to support the UK economy and international aid.


Nobody would quarrel with the proposition that financial services should be required to pay their fair contribution to the wider economy, but unfortunately a Robin Hood tax would go much further and very likely succeed in driving much of the industry from these shores altogether. In the long run, that's not going to benefit the UK economy, or indeed international aid.


As it happens, Dr Williams' intervention coincides with a letter to George Osborne, the Chancellor, from Andrew Tyrie, chairman of the Commons Treasury Committee, raising a number of concerns about the tax. Chief among these is that it might be imposed on us by Europe. Indeed, that's precisely what the European Commission is proposing to do.


This in itself would be a direct infringement of the independence of UK fiscal policy. As things stand, Europe does not set our taxes. It's one of the few things we still decide for ourselves. What's more, the Commission proposes that the proceeds be applied to the EU budget, contributing an estimated 23pc of the total by 2020. Since London is far and away Europe's biggest financial centre, accounting for the bulk of international trading in everything from foreign exchange to credit default swaps, it would by implication signficantly increase the UK's effective contribution to the EU budget.


There's no appetite for such a tax on a global level right now – the Americans are dead against it – so to impose it on the City would in time result in much of the business shifting off shore. It's hard to see how that could be in the UK's interests. You can throw the money changers out of the temple if you like, but they will still be with us; it's just that we won't be able to tax or control them.


Oddly, it's often thought by the likes of Dr Williams that the financial services industry is a world entirely unto itself, leeching off the face of humanity, but in fact the great bulk of what it does is provide a service to others. As Mr Tyrie asks, what effect would the tax have on all these innocent users of financial services, for example, manufacturers hedging their foreign exchange risks, or efficient cash management to ensure adequate liquidity in the wider economy?


For heaven's sake, Archbishop, think things through before you jump on the latest fast-buck idea from Europe for feathering the bureaucratic nest.



Wall Street: Stocks and gold up ahead of Fed meeting

Wall sign -- stan honda afp getty images

Gold: Trading now at $1,743 an ounce, up 1.8% from Tuesday. Dow Jones industrial average: Trading now at 11,866.39, up 1.8% from Tuesday.

Fears subside. Stocks are rising as investors anticipate the results of the latest Federal Reserve meeting Wednesday afternoon and fear about the Greek bailout plan subsides.

More layoffs. Japanese and Swiss banks are the latest financial firms to announce layoffs and cutbacks.

Bair on banks. The former head of the FDIC, Sheila Bair, wrote a piece Wednesday blaming European banks and their regulators for the unending European financial crisis.

Not MF Global. Since MF Global declared bankruptcy on Monday a Wall Street firm with a similar profile, Jefferies, is going to pains to argue how different it is.

Bad timing. As MF Global comes under investigation for mishandling customer funds, they are being mocked for advertisements they placed in recent magazines boasting about their "convictions."

-- Nathaniel Popper

twitter.com/nathanielpopper

Photo: Stan Honda / Getty Images

More Green Goes to Green Projects

Venture capitalists are pouring money into clean technology even as investors scale back funding in many other areas.


Firms in the green sector raised almost $1.2 billion in the third quarter – up 73% from $684 million collected in the same period last year, according to a report released Wednesday by Ernst & Young.
The number of deals in the quarter grew to 76 from 56, according to the report, based on data from Dow Jones VentureSource.


“Confidence in cleantech investing continues despite the challenging investment market,” said Jay Spencer, a director at Ernst & Young.


It was the first time the sector had an increase in funding since the third quarter of 2008.
California pulled in an overwhelming majority of the deals and dollars.


The state lead the pack with 32 deals -- second was Massachusetts with nine. And California’s clean-tech companies received more than half of all the money raised, collecting $583 million in the quarter, up 74% from the same period last year.


Most of that money is going to Northern California, but Southern California is home to some new projects, said Mark Sogomian, a partner at Ernst & Young. He pointed, in particular, to the launch of the clean-tech business incubator in Los Angeles last month.


“It’s really setting the groundwork for early stage companies to grow and thrive here in Los Angeles,” Sogomian said, “and hopefully garner venture capital investment down the road.”

-- Angel Jennings

Paul Krugman and Cameron’s realism


I rarely write about this poor and benighted, yet still free, isle.


But Paul Krugman’s latest attack on the Government’s austerity policy – "Cameron’s Fantasy" – cannot go unchallenged.


He ridicules Cameron’s claim that fiscal discipline has brought down British borrowing costs and averted a debt crisis, more or less depicting him as clueless.


I happen to be a Krugman fan, not least because it is a delight to see a great economic mind at work – in real time, so to speak. He deserved to win the Nobel Prize, and he has been largely right about the shape of our global economic crisis over the last four years.


However, he is wrong about the specific case of Britain.


He displays this chart to show that US bond yields have fallen even further than gilt yields, and to show that they are doing so for deep structural reasons.



It is a false comparison. Britain is not the world’s paramount strategic and reserve currency power. It does not have latitude to trifle with global markets.


(Yes, I know, Japanese, German, Swedish and Danish yields are also falling, but these countries have large current account surpluses. The three Europeans are fiscal saints. Japan is still the world’s top creditor, with nearly $3 trillion in net assets.)


There was a horrible moment in the weeks leading up to the elections last year when it became clear that the vigilantes were indeed waiting to pounce on Britain.


This is a news piece I wrote at the time, citing the Unicredit team, and Unicredit was not alone.


"I am becoming convinced that Great Britain is the next country that is going to be pummelled by investors," said Kornelius Purps, Unicredit's fixed income director.


Mr Purps said the UK had been cushioned at first by low debt levels, but the pace of deterioration has been so extreme that the country can no longer count on market tolerance: "Britain’s AAA-rating is highly at risk. The budget deficit is huge at 13pc of GDP and investors are not happy. There will have to be absolute cuts in public salaries or pay, but nobody is talking about that.


"Sterling is going to fall further over coming months. I am not expecting a crash of the gilts market, but we may see a further rise in spreads of 30 to 50 basis points."


That was the mood in March 2010. The spreads were ballooning out to worrying levels.


Britain has won a reprieve because the Coalition has held rock solid and stuck to its policies. Perhaps there might be some safe margin for loosening now, but not much.


There was of course never any danger of a Greek/Irish/Portuguese outcome, given the Bank of England’s willingness to backstop the system with QE equal to 19pc of GDP).


However there was a risk of yields creeping up to Spanish levels and also something very familiar to Treasury mandarins, a disorderly flight from sterling. (As opposed to the orderly fall we have had, and which has been a lifesaver for parts of manufacturing industry.)


Needless to say, we can never prove this either way.


Britain has rescued itself twice over the last century by a radical mix of fiscal tightening on the one hand and monetary stimulus with devaluation on the other. We did it in 1931-1932 after liberation from the Gold Standard, and we did it again in 1992-1993 after liberation for the Europe’s Exchange Rate Mechanism (when Cameron had a ring-side seat as an aide to Chancellor Norman Lamont).


The trick worked both times. We largely avoided the Great Depression. We outperformed in the 1990s.


One can see why Professor Krugman dislikes this argument. It would question the primacy of Keynesian fiscal policy.


Perhaps fiscal policy is less potent than claimed. Or perhaps there is something specific about Britain, evidence that economics is really a subset of anthropology.


David Cameron is running Britain, not the United States, Germany, or Japan. We are a nation of flat-footed and humble shopkeepers over here. We don’t like theory. We like only realism.



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